Cattle Breed Used for Beef and Dairy
Beef cattle are cattle raised for meat product (as distinguished from dairy cattle, used for milk production). The meat of mature or almost mature cattle is mostly known as beef. In beef production there are three principal stages: cow-calf operations, backgrounding, and feedlot operations. The production cycle of the animals start at cow-dogie operations; this performance is designed specifically to breed cows for their offspring. From here the calves are backgrounded for a feedlot. Animals grown specifically for the feedlot are known as feeder cattle, the goal of these animals is fattening. Animals not grown for a feedlot are typically female and are ordinarily known every bit replacement heifers. While the principal use of beefiness cattle is meat product, other uses include leather, and beef past-products used in processed, shampoo, cosmetics, and insulin.
Calving and breeding [edit]
Too breeding to meet the demand for beefiness product, owners besides apply selective convenance to attain specific traits in their beef cattle. An example of a desired trait could be leaner meat[1] or resistance to illness.[2] Breeds known as dual-purpose are too used for beef product. These breeds take been selected for two purposes at in one case, such as both beef and dairy production, or both beefiness and draught. Dual-purpose breeds include many of the Zebu breeds of Republic of india such equally Tharparkar and Ongole Cattle. In that location are multiple continental breeds that were bred for this purpose also. The original Simmental/Fleckvieh from Switzerland is a prime example. Not only are they a dual-purpose breed for beef and dairy, but in the past they were as well used for draught. However, throughout the generations, the breed has diverged into ii groups through selective breeding.[iii]
Most beef cattle are mated naturally, whereby a bull is released into a cowherd approximately 55 days after the calving period, depending on the cows' trunk condition score (BCS). If it was a cow's first time calving, she will take longer to re-breed by at least 10 days.[four] However, beef cattle can also be bred through artificial insemination,[1] depending on the cow and the size of the herd. Cattle are commonly bred during the summer so that calving may occur the following jump.[i] Still, cattle breeding tin occur at other times of twelvemonth. Depending on the functioning, calving may occur all twelvemonth circular. Owners can select the breeding time based on a number of factors, including reproductive operation, seasonal cattle pricing and handling facilities.[1]
There are many factors that come into play when selecting for a balderdash. Some of the most important factors are illness prevention/spread. Buying a balderdash who hasn't been tested for common diseases is a risk, information technology would more likely transmit to a whole herd. Purchasing genetics that will improve the original herd rather than remaining the aforementioned or decreasing. Some breed for mothering abilities, some for size, some for meat backdrop, etc. Convenance Soundness Exam or BSE are essential to the quality of any bull, a general physical test and inspection of both the genital organs and their productivity.[5] Knowing more information virtually the animal will assist make an educated decision.
Cattle maintenance [edit]
Cattle handlers are expected to maintain a low stress surroundings for their herds, involving constant safe, health, comfort, nourishment and humane handling. According to the Canadian National Farm Brute Care Council, beef cattle must have access to shelter from farthermost weather, safe handling and equipment, veterinarian intendance and humane slaughter.[6] If an animal is infected or suspected to take an illness, it is the responsibility of the owners to report it immediately to a practicing veterinary for either handling or euthanasia.[vii] Depending on a multitude of factors (season, type of production system, stocking density, etc.), disease and disease can spread quickly through the herd from animal to animal.[8] Owners are expected to monitor their cattle'south condition regularly for early on detection and treatment, as some cattle illnesses can threaten both cattle and homo health (known as zoonotic)[6] equally witnessed with Mad moo-cow disease and Tuberculosis.
On average, cattle will consume 1.4 to iv% of their torso weight daily.[9] There are a range of types of feed available for these animals. The standard text in the United States, Nutrient Requirements of Beefiness Cattle, has been through eight editions over at least seventy years.[10] The 1996 seventh edition substituted the concept of metabolizeable protein for the sixth edition'southward crude protein.[11] [12] In the 20th century, Canadian practice followed the American guidance.[xiii] Already in 1970, the Food and Drug Administration was regulating pharmaceutical supplements in beef cattle feed such as hormones and prophylactic antibiotics.[xiv]
Some animals live on pasture their entire lives and therefore only experience fresh grass, these are typically cow-calf operations in more than tropical climates. Backgrounded calves and feedlot animals tend to have different diets that comprise more than grain than the pasture type. Grain is more expensive than pasture simply the animals grow faster with the higher protein levels. Since cattle are herbivores and need roughage in their diet, silage, hay and/or haylage are all viable feed options.[15] Despite this 3/4th of the 32 pounds (14.52 kg) of feed cattle consume each day will be corn.[sixteen] Cattle weighing g lbs. volition drink an average of 41 L a day, and approximately 82 L in hot atmospheric condition.[17] They need a constant supply of skilful quality feed and drink water co-ordinate to the v Freedoms of Animal Welfare.[eighteen]
Most Beef cattle are finished in feedlots. The showtime feedlots were synthetic in the early 1950s. Some of these feedlots grew so large they warranted a new designation, "Full-bodied Animal Feeding Operation" (CAFO). Most American beef cattle spend the last half of their lives in a CAFO.[16]
Cattle processing [edit]
A steer that weighs ane,000 lb (450 kg) when alive makes a carcass weighing approximately 615 lb (280 kg), once the blood, head, feet, peel, offal and guts are removed. The carcass is and so hung in a common cold room for between one and four weeks, during which fourth dimension it loses some weight as water dries from the meat. It is then deboned and cut by a butcher or packing house, the carcass would make about 430 lb (200 kg) of beef.[nineteen] Depending on what cuts of meat are desired, there is a scale of marbled meat used to determine the quality. Marbling is the fatty that is within the muscle, not around it. The more marbled a cut is, the college it will grade and be worth more.[20]
Slaughtering of livestock has three distinct stages: preslaughter treatment, stunning and slaughtering. The biggest concern is preslaughter handling, how the animal is treated before it is stunned and slaughtered. Stress at this fourth dimension tin can cause adverse effects on the meat, h2o access and lower stocking densities have been allowed to minimize this. However, admission to feed is restricted for 12–24 hours prior to slaughtering for ease of evisceration. Stunning is washed when the animal is restrained in a chute so movement is limited. Once restrained the animal can be stunned in one of three methods: penetrating captive bolt, non-penetrating captive bolt and gunshot. Virtually abattoirs use captive bolts over guns. Stunning ensures the brute feels no pain during slaughtering and reduces the animals stress, therefore increasing the quality of meat. The terminal step is slaughtering, typically the animate being volition be hung past its dorsum leg and its throat volition be slit to permit exsanguination. The hide will be removed for further processing at this point and the animal will exist broken downwardly with evisceration and decapitation. The carcass will be placed in a cooler for 24–48 hours prior to meat cut.[21]
Breeds [edit]
| Brood | Origin | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Adaptaur | Australia | A tropically adapted Bos taurus breed, adult from crosses between Herefords and Shorthorns. |
| Afrikaner cattle | South Africa | Afrikaners are normally deep red or black with long spreading horns. They have the small cervico-thoracic hump typical of Sanga cattle. |
| Aberdeen Angus | Scotland | Pure black, sometimes with white at udder. Polled. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Australian Braford | Australia | Adult for resistance to ticks and for rut tolerance past crossing Brahmans and Herefords. |
| Australian Brangus | Australia | Polled breed developed by crossing Angus and Brahman |
| Australian Charbray | Australia | Developed by crossing Charolais and Brahman and selected for resistance to heat, humidity, parasites and diseases. |
| Barzona | United States (Arizona) | Adult in the high desert, inter-mountain region of Arizona. |
| Beefalo | United states | Hybrid betwixt a cow and an American bison. |
| Beefiness Shorthorn | England and Scotland | Suitable for both dairy and beef. |
| Beefmaster | Usa (Texas) | Adult past breeding the Brahman, Shorthorn, and Hereford. |
| Belgian Blue | Belgium | Grey roan, or white with grey on head. Extremely muscular (double muscled). Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Belmont Red | Commonwealth of australia | A composite breed using Africander (African Sanga) and Hereford-Shorthorn |
| Belted Galloway | Scotland | Blackness with white band around center, stocky, adequately long hair, polled. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Black Hereford | Great Britain | A crossbreed produced by crossing a Hereford balderdash with Holstein or Friesian cows; used to obtain beefiness offspring from dairy cows. Not maintained as a split breed, although females may be used for further breeding with other beef bulls. |
| Blonde d'Aquitaine | France | Pale brown, paler round eyes and nose. Muscular. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Bonsmara | S Africa | Adult from 10/16 Afrikaner, 3/16 Hereford and 3/16 Shorthorn cattle. |
| Boran | East Africa (Federal democratic republic of ethiopia-Kenya) | Usually white, with the bulls being darker (sometimes near blackness). |
| Brahman | Republic of india | Big, pendulous ears and dewlaps, hump over the shoulders. |
| Brangus | U.s.a. | Developed by crossing Angus and Brahman. |
| British White | Great United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland | White trunk, with black (or sometimes red) ears, nose and feet; polled (hornless). Hardy and thrifty. |
| Caracu | Brazil | |
| Charolais | France | Wholly white or cream, lyre-shaped pale horns, or polled. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Chianina | Italy | Dual-purpose, originally large typhoon breed, later selected for beef. |
| Corriente | United mexican states | Hardy, small, athletic, criollo-type, descended from Iberian cattle. Used in rodeo sports, noted for lean meat. Curt horns, various colors, oftentimes spotted. Also called Criollo or Chinampo. |
| Crioulo Lageano | Iberian Peninsula | 400-year-onetime longhorn breed with around 700 individuals that live shut to the plateau of Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. |
| Dairy Shorthorn | United Kingdom | Suitable for both dairy and beef. |
| Dexter | Ireland | Very small, black or dun, dark horns. Sometimes has a dwarfing gene, leading to very short legs. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Droughtmaster | Australia | Adult by crossing Brahman cattle with taurine breeds, especially the Beef Shorthorn. Tolerant of heat and ticks. |
| English language Longhorn | England | Red or brindle, with white back and belly. Very long cylindrical horns usually spreading sideways or downwards, often curving and even eventually making a circle. Medium size, hardy. |
| Fleckvieh | Switzerland | Ruddy pied or solid red, polled or horned. Sturdy dual-purpose for beef and dairy. Formerly triple-purpose (beef, dairy and draught). Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Florida Cracker cattle | The states | Modest, criollo-type descended from cattle brought to the Southern U.S. past the Spanish conquistadors. Adjusted to subtropical climate, parasite-resistant. An endangered brood. |
| Galloway | Scotland | Black, stocky, adequately long hair, polled. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Gascon cattle | France | Gray, hardy, maternal brood. Proficient growth and conformation of calves. Suitable for all farming systems, bred pure or crossed with a terminal sire. |
| Gelbvieh | Germany | Red, strong skin pigmentation, polled. Superior fertility, calving ease, mothering ability, and growth charge per unit of calves.[22] |
| Hanwoo | Korea | |
| Hérens | Switzerland | |
| Hereford | England | Red, white head, white finching on neck, and white switch. |
| Highland | Scotland | Small, stocky; black, scarlet, dun or white. Very long coat and very long pale horns, upswept in cows and steers. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Hungarian Grey | Hungary | Robust, piece of cake-calving and long-lived. Horns long, curved and directed upwards. Slender and tall. Well-adapted to extensive pasture systems. |
| Irish Moiled | Ireland | Red with white back and belly, or white with red ears, olfactory organ and anxiety. Polled. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Jabres | Central Java, Indonesia | Colors varied from light brown to night brown with a black stripe spans from back to tail. |
| Japanese Shorthorn | Japan | A breed of small beef cattle. |
| Limousin | Limousin and Marche regions of French republic | Mid-brown, paler round eyes and olfactory organ. Fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Lincoln Red | England | |
| Lowline | Australia | Developed by selectively breeding small Angus cattle. |
| Luing | Luing and surrounding Inner Hebrides, Scotland | Rough glaze, red-brown, polled. Bred by crossing Beef Shorthorn with Highland. Very hardy and thrifty. |
| Madurese | East Java, Indonesia | Small trunk, short legs, reddish yellowish pilus. |
| Maine-Anjou | Anjou region in French republic | Red-and-white pied, polled, fast-growing if well-fed. |
| Mocho Nacional | Brazil | Polled |
| Murray Grayness | Due south Eastern Australia | Grey or silver polled cattle developed from a roan Shorthorn cow and an Angus bull. Easy-care versatile cattle that have been exported to many countries. |
| Nelore | Republic of india | Exported to Brazil, where it has go a dominant brood. |
| Nguni | South Africa | Extremely hardy breed developed by the Nguni tribes for harsh African conditions. Originally derived from the African Sanga cattle, although quite singled-out. Iii subgroups are recognized: Makhatini, Swazi and Pedi. |
| Due north Devon | Devon, Cornwall and Somerset, England | Cherry-blood-red, white tail switch, white horns. |
| Piedmontese | Piedmont, Italy | Bred both for beefiness and dairy production; double-muscled. White-coloured and possessing myostatin genes. |
| Pineywoods | Gulf Coast, US | Landrace heritage endangered breed, lean, small, adapted to climate of the Deep South, disease-resistant. Short horns, diverse colors, often spotted. |
| Pinzgauer | Republic of austria | Indigenous to the Pinz Valley. Dairy cattle in Europe, only well-adapted to drier landscapes of the US, Commonwealth of australia and South Africa, where they are kept for beefiness product. Solid crimson with very distinctive white blaze from wither, downward to tail tip and underside. |
| Red Angus | Commonwealth of australia, The states | Colour variety of Angus in some countries: solid ruddy. Polled. |
| Carmine Poll | East Anglia in England | Crimson with white switch, polled (hornless), dual-purpose. |
| Crimson Sindhi | Sindh in Pakistan | Red Sindhi cattle are the almost popular of all zebu dairy breeds. In Pakistan, they are kept for beefiness production or dairy farming. |
| Romagnola | Italy | Bred primarily for beef product; oft used as draught beasts in the past. White or greyness with black pigmented skin and up curving horns. |
| Romosinuano | Colombia | |
| Rubia Gallega | Spain | A breed of cattle native to the autonomous community of Galicia in northward-western Espana. It is raised mainly for meat. It is distributed throughout Galicia, with about 75% of the population full-bodied in the province of Lugo. The coat may exist red-blond, wheaten, or cinnamon-coloured. |
| Salers | French republic | Red. Hardy, easy calving. |
| Santa Gertrudis | Southern Texas, United states of america | Developed by crossing red Shorthorn and Brahman. |
| Simmental | Western Switzerland | Yellowish-brownish, white caput. Fast-growing if well-fed. Triple-purpose (beef, dairy and draught). |
| Shorthorn/Beef Shorthorn | Northern England | Red, red with white dorsum and abdomen, or white. |
| Square Meater | New South Wales, Australia | Small, grey or argent, polled; similar to Murray Greyness. |
| Sussex | South-eastward England | Rich chestnut red with white tail switch and white horns. Also used for draught until the early 20th century. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Tabapuan | Brazil | |
| Tajima | Japan | Black Wagyu bred for internationally renowned beefiness such equally Kobe and Matsuzaka. |
| Texas Longhorn | Us | Various colours, with very long, tapering, upswept horns – extending as much as 80 inches (2.0 m) tip to tip. Very hardy in dry climates. Light-muscled, and then bulls often used for first-dogie heifers. |
| Wagyū | Japan | Black, horned, and noted for heavy marbling (intramuscular fat degradation). |
| Welsh Black | Wales | Blackness, white upswept horns with black tips. Hardy. |
| White Park | Uk, Ireland | White, with black (or sometimes red) ears, nose and anxiety; white horns with dark tips. Hardy and thrifty. |
| Żubroń | Poland | Hybrid between a cow and a European bison. |
Come across also [edit]
- Conjugated linoleic acid
- Listing of cattle breeds
References [edit]
- ^ a b c d "Beefiness Production". Academy of Guelph, Animal Sciences. Retrieved Apr 6, 2013.
- ^ "Beefiness Research Schoolhouse: What'due south the Latest Research on Antimicrobial Resistance?". RealAgricultureOnline. Retrieved Apr 6, 2013.
- ^ "The History of Fleckvieh Dual Purpose Cattle". Ameliorate Dairy Moo-cow. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
- ^ "Meaning cows, timing of pregnancy, open cows, pregnancy charge per unit". University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Retrieved February one, 2018.
- ^ "Overview of Breeding Soundness Exam of the Male". Merck Manual Veterinary Manual. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
- ^ a b "Recommended lawmaking of practise for the care and handling of subcontract animals: Beefiness cattle" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved April half-dozen, 2013.
- ^ Eadie, Jim (May 16, 2017). "Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Beef Cattle". Beef Producer. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved May thirty, 2020.
- ^ "Code of practice for the intendance and handling of beefiness cattle: Review of scientific research on priority issues" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
- ^ "How much feed will my cow swallow". Ministry of Agronomics Alberta. Retrieved April half dozen, 2013.
- ^ nap.edu: "Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle Eighth Revised Edition (2016)"
- ^ uaex.edu: "Beef cattle nutrition series - Part 3: Nutrient Requirement Tables", Academy of Arkansas Division of Agriculture publication MP391
- ^ National Research Council (U.Due south.). Subcommittee on Beef Cattle Nutrition: "Food requirements of beef cattle, sixth revised edition 1984"
- ^ www.carc-crac.ca: "Recommended code of do for the care and handling of farm animals: Beef Cattle", p.2 of the 1991 edition
- ^ [https://archive.org/details/beefcattlefeedin1025weic/page/8 Weichenthal, B. A; Russell, H. Grand (1970): "Beefiness cattle feeding suggestions : nutrient requirements, balancing rations, poly peptide supplements, suggested rations" Urbana, IL : Academy of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Agronomics, Cooperative Extension Service
- ^ "Feeding Beefiness Cattle: Tips for a Healthy, Pasture-Based Diet". Female parent Earth News. Retrieved Feb 1, 2018.
- ^ a b Pollan, Michael (2006). The Omnivores Dilemma. Penguin.
- ^ "Beef Cattle: The codes of practice" (PDF). Agriculture Canada. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ "v Freedoms of Brute Welfare". Canadian Federation of Humane Societies. Retrieved February ane, 2018.
- ^ "1000 lb. steer to 610 lbs. beef". Oklahoma Nutrient Prophylactic Division. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ "What is Marbling in Meat?". The Spruce. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
- ^ "Meat processing - Livestock slaughter procedures". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
- ^ "Breeds of Livestock". Gelbvieh. Archived from the original on Nov four, 2008. Retrieved Nov xi, 2008.
External links [edit]
- Oklahoma State Academy pages nigh cattle breeds.
mcginleynownspattles.blogspot.com
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_cattle
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